So what did you guys think of this project?
Did you guys learn from doing this project more than if you were t take a test on it??
Sunday, March 1, 2009
9.3 reproduction in flowering plants
2. Distinguish between
pollination:transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
fertilization:fusion of male and female gametes
seed dispersal:mechanisms for distributing seeds way from the parent plant
4.Explain the conditions needed for the germination of a typical seed
evolution of the seed:key adaption of plants to terrestrial life
seed dormancy increases the chance that germination will occur at appropriate time
environmental cues
1. oxygen and water
1.needed by all seeds to germinate
2.to initiate inhibition an activate cellular respiration
b. desert
1.substantial rainfall
2.washing inhibtors from seed coat
c.chaparral
1.fire
2.intense heat
d.temperate&subarctic zones
1.extended exposure to cold
e.passage through animal digestive tract
1.exposure to digestive enzymes
2.wearing down of seed coat
-length of dormancy-varies from days to decades
5.outline the metabolic processes during of germination of a starchy seed
-imbibition-absoprtion of water due to low pwater potential in dry seed causing seed to swll and rupture seed coat which triggers metabolic changes in the embryo which resumes growth
-gibberllic acid is releases by embryo which diffues throughout seed reaching the aleurone the oter layer of the seed
-amylase-a digestive enxyme is released by the aleurone when trggerd by GA
-endosperm starch is hyrdoloized into maltose by amylase
-cotyledon absorbs maltose from endosperm into embryo
-seedling grows from embryo fueld by the nergy from maltose, stored lipids and proteins also hyrdrolized allowing for growth and development of embryo
6. Explain how flowering is controlled in long day and short day plants including the role of phytochrome
-phytichrome is a pigment that exists in plants in two forms:
Ps. abosrbs white/red light
Pfr. abosrbs dark/far red ight
in white or red light Pr is converted to Pfr
in far red light or in darkness, Pfr gradually reverts to Pr
pfr acts as a promoter of flowering in long day plants
pfr acts as an inhibtor of flowering in short day plants
pollination:transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
fertilization:fusion of male and female gametes
seed dispersal:mechanisms for distributing seeds way from the parent plant
4.Explain the conditions needed for the germination of a typical seed
evolution of the seed:key adaption of plants to terrestrial life
seed dormancy increases the chance that germination will occur at appropriate time
environmental cues
1. oxygen and water
1.needed by all seeds to germinate
2.to initiate inhibition an activate cellular respiration
b. desert
1.substantial rainfall
2.washing inhibtors from seed coat
c.chaparral
1.fire
2.intense heat
d.temperate&subarctic zones
1.extended exposure to cold
e.passage through animal digestive tract
1.exposure to digestive enzymes
2.wearing down of seed coat
-length of dormancy-varies from days to decades
5.outline the metabolic processes during of germination of a starchy seed
-imbibition-absoprtion of water due to low pwater potential in dry seed causing seed to swll and rupture seed coat which triggers metabolic changes in the embryo which resumes growth
-gibberllic acid is releases by embryo which diffues throughout seed reaching the aleurone the oter layer of the seed
-amylase-a digestive enxyme is released by the aleurone when trggerd by GA
-endosperm starch is hyrdoloized into maltose by amylase
-cotyledon absorbs maltose from endosperm into embryo
-seedling grows from embryo fueld by the nergy from maltose, stored lipids and proteins also hyrdrolized allowing for growth and development of embryo
6. Explain how flowering is controlled in long day and short day plants including the role of phytochrome
-phytichrome is a pigment that exists in plants in two forms:
Ps. abosrbs white/red light
Pfr. abosrbs dark/far red ight
in white or red light Pr is converted to Pfr
in far red light or in darkness, Pfr gradually reverts to Pr
pfr acts as a promoter of flowering in long day plants
pfr acts as an inhibtor of flowering in short day plants
9.2.Transport in Angiosperms
1. Outline how root system provides a large surface area for mineral and water uptake by means of
branching:extensive branching of roots greatly increases overall root surface area exposed to extracellular fluid
root hairs: individual root epidermal cells grow extensive elongations greatly increasing the surface area of individual rot epidermal cells to extracellular fluid
2. List ways in which mineral ions in the soil move to the root
diffusion of mineral ions down concentration gradients
mass flow of water in soil carrying ions, when water drains through the soil
mineral ions move into fungal hyphae which grow around plant roots in mutualistic relationship, and then from the hyphae into the root
3.Explain the process of mineral ion absorption from the soil into roots by active transport
because the concentration of mineral ions is usually lower in the soil than in the root,active transport is used to concetrate mineral ions in the root
because active transport requires ATP, root epidermal cells are rich in mitochondria and require a supply of oxygen for cellular respiration
active transport:ATP oxidation provides the energy for protons to be pumped from the inside to the outside of root epidermal cell membranes which is chemiosmosis, producing a H+ membrane potential
cations, such as K+ are driven from the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid, through membrane channels by their electrical charge replusion from the H+'s concentrated in the extracellular fluid
anions such as NO3-, move from the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluidm through membrane channels, by co transport with H+, which moves down its diffuion gradient
4.State that terrestrial plants support themselves by means of thikened cellulose,cell turgor, and lignified xylem
thickened cellulose:both xylem and phloem cells have thick secondary cell walls composed primarily of cellulose, providing rigidity
cell turgor:plant cell vacuoles have low water potential;water enters the cell and vacuole by osmosis, causing the cell to swell aagainst its wall with a pressure against the cell wall which provides rigidity
lignified xylem:vascular tissue cells reinforced with helical or ringshaped thickenings of the cellulose cell wall impregnanted with lignin, which makes the cell walls hard, providing resistancem to pressure
5. Define transpiration
the loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants
6. Explain how water is carried by transpirtaion stream including:
-structure of xylem vessels
a.thick walled elongated vasuclar tissue cells
which are rranged end to end
connected by perforated end plates
b.xylem cells die at maturity
leaving a continous mictorube for transporting water and sisolved mineral ions
from the roots to the above ground portins of the plant
-Transpirtaiton pull
a.evaportaion:water vapor diffuses from the most air spaces of the spongy mesophyll where water potential is higher , to the drier air outside where water potential is lower and stomata
b.Cohesion as the spongy mesophyll air spaces lose water by evaportation water potential decreases
water flows through xylem where water potential is higher
through the mesophyll to the air spaces, down its water potential gradient
the cohesion of water molecules, due to hyrdgoen boding
enables transpirtation to pull water up the narrow xylem vessels
without these colum sof water breaking apart
c.adhesion
cell walls of xylem evessels are charged which attraact to water molecules
the adhesive matter of water to xylem vessels walls moves them up the stem against gravity
adhesion is important when sap starts to rise in plants that were leafless through the winter
adhesion also helps prevent the column of water filled xylem vessles from breaking
d.transpirtation
solar powered evapopration from the leaves
creates a continous transpirational pull
transmitted all the way from the leaves to the roots
7. State that gurad cells can regulate transpiration by opening and closing stomata
8.State that the plant hormone abscisic acid causes the closing of stomata
9.Explain how the abiotic factors light temperature, wind, and hmidity, affect the rate of transpirtaion in a typical terrestrial plant
light
1.guard cells close stomata in darkness, so transpiration is much greater in light
2.open stomata increases rate of diffusion of C02 needed for photosynthesis
3.but also increasing transpirational water loss through stomata
Temperature
1. rate of transpiration water loss through stomata is doubled for every 10 degrees celcius increase in temperature
2.higher temperature also increases the rate of diffuion and reduces the relative humidity in the air outisde of the leaf
wind
1. removes water vapor from leaf reducing water potential around elaf
2.thus increasing water potential graident between the leaf and its surroundings
3.therefore increasing the rate of transpirational water loss
humidity
1. as humidity idecreases, water potential around the leaf is reducded
2.thus increasing the water potential gradient between the leaf and its surroundings
3.and therefore increasing the rate of transpirational water loss
10.Outline four strucutural adaptions of xerophytes
-reducing leaves:minimizes water loss by reducing leaf surface area
-thickened waxy cuticle:minimizes water loss by limiting water loss through epidermis
-reduced number of stomata:minimizes water loss through leaves
-succulence:stems specialized for water storafe maximizes rention of water available during infrequent rains
11.Outline the role of phloem in active translocation of sugars and amino acids from the source
to sink (fruits, seeds, roots)
-translocation-the movement of substances from one part to another in the phloem
-symplastic route-sucrose manufactured in mesophyll cell travles in intracellularly to phloem sieve tube members
-apoplastic route-sucrose manfactured in mesophyll cells travels extracellularly to companion cells and STMs
a.proton pumps:driven by ATP, pump H+ into extracellular environment
b.sucorse enters companion cells and STMs by co-transport
C. as H+ moves down its concentration gradient back into companion cells and STMS
-pressure flow in a sieve tube:
a.loading of sucrose into the STMs at the source
b.reduces the water potential inside STMs causing water to enter by osmosis
c.absorption of water potential insideSTMs causing water to enter by osmosis
d.that forces the phloem sap to flow along the tube
e.gradient of pressure in the tube is reinforced by the unloading of sucrose
f.and the consequent loss of water, from the sieve tube at its sink
branching:extensive branching of roots greatly increases overall root surface area exposed to extracellular fluid
root hairs: individual root epidermal cells grow extensive elongations greatly increasing the surface area of individual rot epidermal cells to extracellular fluid
2. List ways in which mineral ions in the soil move to the root
diffusion of mineral ions down concentration gradients
mass flow of water in soil carrying ions, when water drains through the soil
mineral ions move into fungal hyphae which grow around plant roots in mutualistic relationship, and then from the hyphae into the root
3.Explain the process of mineral ion absorption from the soil into roots by active transport
because the concentration of mineral ions is usually lower in the soil than in the root,active transport is used to concetrate mineral ions in the root
because active transport requires ATP, root epidermal cells are rich in mitochondria and require a supply of oxygen for cellular respiration
active transport:ATP oxidation provides the energy for protons to be pumped from the inside to the outside of root epidermal cell membranes which is chemiosmosis, producing a H+ membrane potential
cations, such as K+ are driven from the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid, through membrane channels by their electrical charge replusion from the H+'s concentrated in the extracellular fluid
anions such as NO3-, move from the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluidm through membrane channels, by co transport with H+, which moves down its diffuion gradient
4.State that terrestrial plants support themselves by means of thikened cellulose,cell turgor, and lignified xylem
thickened cellulose:both xylem and phloem cells have thick secondary cell walls composed primarily of cellulose, providing rigidity
cell turgor:plant cell vacuoles have low water potential;water enters the cell and vacuole by osmosis, causing the cell to swell aagainst its wall with a pressure against the cell wall which provides rigidity
lignified xylem:vascular tissue cells reinforced with helical or ringshaped thickenings of the cellulose cell wall impregnanted with lignin, which makes the cell walls hard, providing resistancem to pressure
5. Define transpiration
the loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants
6. Explain how water is carried by transpirtaion stream including:
-structure of xylem vessels
a.thick walled elongated vasuclar tissue cells
which are rranged end to end
connected by perforated end plates
b.xylem cells die at maturity
leaving a continous mictorube for transporting water and sisolved mineral ions
from the roots to the above ground portins of the plant
-Transpirtaiton pull
a.evaportaion:water vapor diffuses from the most air spaces of the spongy mesophyll where water potential is higher , to the drier air outside where water potential is lower and stomata
b.Cohesion as the spongy mesophyll air spaces lose water by evaportation water potential decreases
water flows through xylem where water potential is higher
through the mesophyll to the air spaces, down its water potential gradient
the cohesion of water molecules, due to hyrdgoen boding
enables transpirtation to pull water up the narrow xylem vessels
without these colum sof water breaking apart
c.adhesion
cell walls of xylem evessels are charged which attraact to water molecules
the adhesive matter of water to xylem vessels walls moves them up the stem against gravity
adhesion is important when sap starts to rise in plants that were leafless through the winter
adhesion also helps prevent the column of water filled xylem vessles from breaking
d.transpirtation
solar powered evapopration from the leaves
creates a continous transpirational pull
transmitted all the way from the leaves to the roots
7. State that gurad cells can regulate transpiration by opening and closing stomata
8.State that the plant hormone abscisic acid causes the closing of stomata
9.Explain how the abiotic factors light temperature, wind, and hmidity, affect the rate of transpirtaion in a typical terrestrial plant
light
1.guard cells close stomata in darkness, so transpiration is much greater in light
2.open stomata increases rate of diffusion of C02 needed for photosynthesis
3.but also increasing transpirational water loss through stomata
Temperature
1. rate of transpiration water loss through stomata is doubled for every 10 degrees celcius increase in temperature
2.higher temperature also increases the rate of diffuion and reduces the relative humidity in the air outisde of the leaf
wind
1. removes water vapor from leaf reducing water potential around elaf
2.thus increasing water potential graident between the leaf and its surroundings
3.therefore increasing the rate of transpirational water loss
humidity
1. as humidity idecreases, water potential around the leaf is reducded
2.thus increasing the water potential gradient between the leaf and its surroundings
3.and therefore increasing the rate of transpirational water loss
10.Outline four strucutural adaptions of xerophytes
-reducing leaves:minimizes water loss by reducing leaf surface area
-thickened waxy cuticle:minimizes water loss by limiting water loss through epidermis
-reduced number of stomata:minimizes water loss through leaves
-succulence:stems specialized for water storafe maximizes rention of water available during infrequent rains
11.Outline the role of phloem in active translocation of sugars and amino acids from the source
to sink (fruits, seeds, roots)
-translocation-the movement of substances from one part to another in the phloem
-symplastic route-sucrose manufactured in mesophyll cell travles in intracellularly to phloem sieve tube members
-apoplastic route-sucrose manfactured in mesophyll cells travels extracellularly to companion cells and STMs
a.proton pumps:driven by ATP, pump H+ into extracellular environment
b.sucorse enters companion cells and STMs by co-transport
C. as H+ moves down its concentration gradient back into companion cells and STMS
-pressure flow in a sieve tube:
a.loading of sucrose into the STMs at the source
b.reduces the water potential inside STMs causing water to enter by osmosis
c.absorption of water potential insideSTMs causing water to enter by osmosis
d.that forces the phloem sap to flow along the tube
e.gradient of pressure in the tube is reinforced by the unloading of sucrose
f.and the consequent loss of water, from the sieve tube at its sink
9.1 Dictotledonous Plant Structure
2. Outline 3 differences between the structures of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants
Leaves: Monocots have parallel veins while Dicots have net like veins
Roots: Monocots have fibrous roots while Dicots have taproots
Flower:Monocts have floral parts in multiples of 3 while dicots have floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
3. Explain the relationship between the distrisbution of tissues in the leaf and fucntions of these tissues
waxy cuticle:secreted by e[idermis which coevers the bottom and top of leaf, reduce water loss and imperable to water
epidermis: coveres surface of leave, secrete cuticle, protect against infection, and conserves water
palisade nesophyll:tightly packed cells in upper region of leaf, rich in hloroplasts, absorption of light, and is the primary site of photosynthesis
spony mesophyll:loosely packed calls in lower region of leaf, rich in air spaces, allowing for easy diffusion gases, less rich in chloroplasts, absorption of light, and secondary site of photosynthesis
xylem: distributes water and minerals to cells throughout leaf
phloem:collects sucrose for distribution of photosynthetic products to nonphotosynthetic parts of plant
stoma:specialize epidermal cells associated in pairs forming the borders of the stomata opening which open or close and allow gas exchange when open or water rention when closed
4. Identify modifications of roots, stems, and leaves for different functions
Bulbs:modified leaves ex onion
Tubers:modified stems ex potato
Storage root:carrot
Tendril:modified leaf ex ivy
5. State that dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems
Apical meristems are refered to primary meristems
Lateral meristems are referred to cambium
Meristems generate new cells for growth if the plant
6.Compare apical and lateral meristems in dicotylednous plants
Meristems are regions where cells continue to divide and grow
apical meristems are located at the top of the root and stem which increase the length of the plant and produce new leaves and flowers
Lateral meristems are found in vascular bundles and increase the diameter of the plant by producing xylem and phloem
7.Explain the role of auxin in phototropism as an example of the control of plant growth
Auxin is a plant hormone that stimulates plant elongation
Auxin controls phototropism which is directional grwoth toward the osource of light(phototropism)
In shoot tops proteins called phototropins that absorb light which change the shape in response to certain light wavelengths
phototropins in light induced conformation bind to reptors which stimulate trasncription/trasnlation of genes producing glycoproteins
these glycoproeins locate membranes facilitating transport of auxin between cells
shoot tips respond to light intensity by producing more auxin on the side with less light, making that side grow longer, which bends the shoot tip towards light
plant cells have membrane proteins that pump auxin laterally by which auin stimulates the pumpng of Hydrogen ions out of the cell into cell walls
hydrogen ions lower the ph which lossens connections between cellulose micofibrils
higher concentrations of auxin result in shoot to[s causing cell elongation moving them towards the light
Leaves: Monocots have parallel veins while Dicots have net like veins
Roots: Monocots have fibrous roots while Dicots have taproots
Flower:Monocts have floral parts in multiples of 3 while dicots have floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
3. Explain the relationship between the distrisbution of tissues in the leaf and fucntions of these tissues
waxy cuticle:secreted by e[idermis which coevers the bottom and top of leaf, reduce water loss and imperable to water
epidermis: coveres surface of leave, secrete cuticle, protect against infection, and conserves water
palisade nesophyll:tightly packed cells in upper region of leaf, rich in hloroplasts, absorption of light, and is the primary site of photosynthesis
spony mesophyll:loosely packed calls in lower region of leaf, rich in air spaces, allowing for easy diffusion gases, less rich in chloroplasts, absorption of light, and secondary site of photosynthesis
xylem: distributes water and minerals to cells throughout leaf
phloem:collects sucrose for distribution of photosynthetic products to nonphotosynthetic parts of plant
stoma:specialize epidermal cells associated in pairs forming the borders of the stomata opening which open or close and allow gas exchange when open or water rention when closed
4. Identify modifications of roots, stems, and leaves for different functions
Bulbs:modified leaves ex onion
Tubers:modified stems ex potato
Storage root:carrot
Tendril:modified leaf ex ivy
5. State that dicotyledonous plants have apical and lateral meristems
Apical meristems are refered to primary meristems
Lateral meristems are referred to cambium
Meristems generate new cells for growth if the plant
6.Compare apical and lateral meristems in dicotylednous plants
Meristems are regions where cells continue to divide and grow
apical meristems are located at the top of the root and stem which increase the length of the plant and produce new leaves and flowers
Lateral meristems are found in vascular bundles and increase the diameter of the plant by producing xylem and phloem
7.Explain the role of auxin in phototropism as an example of the control of plant growth
Auxin is a plant hormone that stimulates plant elongation
Auxin controls phototropism which is directional grwoth toward the osource of light(phototropism)
In shoot tops proteins called phototropins that absorb light which change the shape in response to certain light wavelengths
phototropins in light induced conformation bind to reptors which stimulate trasncription/trasnlation of genes producing glycoproteins
these glycoproeins locate membranes facilitating transport of auxin between cells
shoot tips respond to light intensity by producing more auxin on the side with less light, making that side grow longer, which bends the shoot tip towards light
plant cells have membrane proteins that pump auxin laterally by which auin stimulates the pumpng of Hydrogen ions out of the cell into cell walls
hydrogen ions lower the ph which lossens connections between cellulose micofibrils
higher concentrations of auxin result in shoot to[s causing cell elongation moving them towards the light
R,S,S, Feed
I didnt know how to link it
so I'm posting the links onto this post
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4VP5703-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1405c8aee17a3cc99b2db3f43dddfbef
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4VNKBW2-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ccb2d1df0c8544cc7ee775b0be18a8e6
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4VNKBW2-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5a9f52a28fda1ae52d926472a0a705de
so I'm posting the links onto this post
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4VP5703-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1405c8aee17a3cc99b2db3f43dddfbef
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4VNKBW2-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ccb2d1df0c8544cc7ee775b0be18a8e6
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TD1-4VNKBW2-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5a9f52a28fda1ae52d926472a0a705de
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Classification
| Kingdom Plantae – Plants |
| Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants |
| Superdivision Spermatophyta – Seed plants |
| Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants |
| Class Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Subclass Arecidae |
| Order Arales |
| Family Araceae – Arum family |
| Genus Philodendron Schott – philodendron |
| Species Philodendron hederaceum |
Monday, February 23, 2009
Facts about Plant
-Angiosperms & Monocot
-from a large genus of flowering plants in Araceae Family which consists of 900 or more species
-known to be grown as indoor plants for decoration
-have various habitats that include epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, or terrestrial
-require less light than usual plants but require a temperature between 60 to 72 degrees
-are native to a tropical forest environment
-two types of philodendrons:Climbers &Non climbers
Climbers are best suited for an indoor environment
Non climbers are best suited for an outdoor environment
-Are tropical species so they require humidity in their living environment
-found in many diverse habitats such as the tropical Americas and West Indies
-Most are found in tropical rain forests but some may be found in swamps, road sides, or river banks
-from a large genus of flowering plants in Araceae Family which consists of 900 or more species
-known to be grown as indoor plants for decoration
-have various habitats that include epiphytic, hemiepiphytic, or terrestrial
-require less light than usual plants but require a temperature between 60 to 72 degrees
-are native to a tropical forest environment
-two types of philodendrons:Climbers &Non climbers
Climbers are best suited for an indoor environment
Non climbers are best suited for an outdoor environment
-Are tropical species so they require humidity in their living environment
-found in many diverse habitats such as the tropical Americas and West Indies
-Most are found in tropical rain forests but some may be found in swamps, road sides, or river banks
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